Actuators receive signals from the powertrain control module and carry out adjustments needed based on the data the PCM received from the sensors.

The catalytic converter converts pollutants in exhaust gas into less pollutant substances like carbon dioxide and water.

A connecting rod employs a wrist pin to link each piston to the engine's crankshaft.

Control arms (upper and lower) connect a vehicle's suspension to the frame. The connection to the wheels is through ball joints which allow the control arms to turn and move up and down simultaneously. The frame connection uses bushings.

Because a compressed spring will ex­tend violently, shock absorbers must be used to dampen the spring’s compression and extension cycles. Struts combine the spring and shock into one unit