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A chisel has a long sharp edge and is used, often in conjunction with a hammer, for cutting. In woodworking, chisels are used to remove large sections of wood to create the initial shape of a design. In metalworking, chisels are used to remove waste metal when a smooth finish is not required.

To find the diagonal we need to know the length of one of the square's sides. We know the area and the area of a square is the length of one side squared:

a = s²

so the length of one side of the square is:

s = \( \sqrt{a} \) = \( \sqrt{16} \) = 4

The Pythagorean theorem defines the square of the hypotenuse (diagonal) of a triangle with a right angle as the sum of the squares of the other two sides:

c² = a² + b²
c² = 4² + 4²
c² = 32
c = \( \sqrt{32} \) = \( \sqrt{16 x 2} \) = \( \sqrt{16} \) \( \sqrt{2} \)
c = 4\( \sqrt{2} \)

Hard bones provide primary support for the endoskeleton while more flexible cartilage is found at the end of all bones, at the joints, and in the nose and ears. In addition to providing support and protecting bodily organs, bones also produce blood cells and store minerals like calcium.

A block and tackle is a combination of one or more fixed pulleys and one or more movable pulleys where the fixed pulleys change the direction of the effort force and the movable pulleys multiply it. The mechanical advantage is equal to the number of times the effort force changes direction and can be increased by adding more pulley wheels to the system. An easy way to find the mechanical advantage of a block and tackle pulley system is to count the number of ropes that support the resistance.

Inline cylinder arrangements number cylinders sequentially (1, 2, 3, ...) front to rear.

Work is force multiplied by distance. Because both Connie and Sam moved the same weight the same distance they have done an equal amount of work. Sam employed the mechnacial advantage of an inclined plane so he exerted less effort to do the work but the amount of work done was still the same.

Capacitors store voltage and are used in circuits as temporary batteries. Capacitors are charged by DC current (AC current passes through a capacitor) and that stored charge can later be dissipated into the circuit as needed. Capacitors are often used to maintain power within a system when it is disconnected from its primary power source or to smooth out or filter voltage within a circuit.

An amplifier is a device that takes a small input signal and creates a larger output signal. This makes it most similar to a step-up transformer which takes a smaller input voltage and creates a larger output voltage.

To convert from C° to F° use:

\(F° = {9 \over 5}C° + 32\)

\(F° = {9 \over 5}(0) + 32\)

\(F° = 0 + 32 = 32\)