Ignition timing defines the point in time at the end of the compression stroke that the spark plug fires. Measured in number of degrees before top dead center (BTDC), the exact point that the spark plugs initiate combustion varies depending on the speed of the engine. The timing is advanced (the spark plugs fire a few more degrees BTDC) when the engine is running faster and retarded when it's running slower.

The water pump is driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft and ensures that coolant moves through the engine and radiator.

A v-arrangement has two rows of cylinders in a V-shaped block with a crankshaft at the bottom of the V. Any even number of cylinders is possible in this configuration from the V-2 that's commonly used in motorcycles up to V-12 or bigger for large trucks. The V design produces a shorter engine than an in-line cylinder configuration and allows for better air-fuel distribution.

The fluid reservoir stores the brake fluid that the master cylinder uses to maintain hydraulic pressure.

The radiator is responsible for tranferring heat from the coolant to the outside air. Radiator hoses transfer coolant to and from the engine to the radiator and a radiator cap maintains pressure in the cooling system to increase the boiling point of the coolant mixture and thus allow it to absorb more heat.