The intake manifold distributes outside air to the intake ports on the cylinder heads. The intake air filter removes any airborne contaminants before the air enters the engine.

Preignition results from the buildup of fuel deposits and/or oil in the combustion chamber. These deposits increase chamber pressure and reduce heat tranfer to the coolant. The trapped heat then raises the temperature of the air-fuel mix to the point that it combusts before ignition.

Brakes utlize friction to slow vehicle tires. Drum brakes employ a cast iron drum that roates with the vehicle axle. When hydraulic pressure is applied to the brake assemblies at the wheels, internal pistons expand and push brake shoes outward into contact with the brake drum slowing the rotation of the axle. More powerful disc brakes operate by pinching a rotating disc betweeen two brake pads and allow for a larger surface area to contact the disc, provide more force, and are more easily cooled.

Opposed cylinder designs place cylinders flat in two rows 180° opposite each other with a single crankshaft running between them.

The fluid reservoir stores the brake fluid that the master cylinder uses to maintain hydraulic pressure.