The catalytic converter converts pollutants in exhaust gas into less pollutant substances like carbon dioxide and water.

Modern car engines are cooled by liquid which circulates through the engine block and cylinder heads absorbing excess heat. This liquid is made up of half water and half antifreeze (commonly, ethylene glycol) which both keeps the water from freezing at low temperatures and raises its boiling point making heat transfer more efficient.

The engine (or cylinder) block is the large casing that contains the cylinders and many of the internal components of the engine.

The primary component of the lubrication system is engine oil. Engines require oil blends with different thickness (viscosity) and additives depending on their operating conditions. Viscosity is rated using the format XW-XX with the number preceding the W (winter) rating the oil’s viscosity at 0 ℉ (-17.8 ℃) and the XX indicating viscosity at 100 ℃.

The water pump is driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft and ensures that coolant moves through the engine and radiator.