The Earth's rocks fall into three categories based on how they're formed. Igneous rock (granite, basalt, obsidian) is formed from the hardening of molten rock (lava), sedimentary rock (shale, sandstone, coal) is formed by the gradual despositing and cementing of rock and other debris, and metamorphic rock (marble, slate, quartzite) which is formed when existing rock is altered though pressure, temperature, or chemical processes.

Solids exist at a lower temperature than liquids which exist at a lower temperature than gases.

The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) but is informally known as a yellow dwarf star. Composed of 73% hydrogen and 25% helium, the hot plasma that makes up the Sun reaches 9,900°F (5,505°C) at the surface. It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago and makes up 99.86% of the mass in the solar system.

The formula to convert from F° to C° is:

\(C° = {5 \over 9} (F° - 32)\)

plugging in our values gives:

\(C° = {5 \over 9} (50 - 32)\)

\(C° = {5 \over 9} (18)\)

\(C° = {90 \over 9}\)

\(C° = 10\)

A compound is a substance containing two or more different chemical elements bound together by a chemical bond. In ionic compounds, one atom borrows an electron from another atom resulting in two ions (electrically charged atoms) of opposite polarities that then become bonded electrostatically.