The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old and its history is divided into time periods based on the events that took place and the forms of life that were dominant during those periods. The largest graduation of time is the eon and each eon is subdivided into eras, eras into periods, periods into epochs, and epochs into ages.

Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature in the universe. In the Kelvin scale, absolute zero is 0K and in the Celsius scale it is -273°C.

The Earth's atmosphere has several layers starting with the troposphere which is closest in proximity to the surface. Containing most of the Earth's breathable air (oxygen and nitrogen), it's a region with warmer temperatures closer to the surface and cooler temperatures farther away which results in the rising and falling air that generates weather.

Tides are caused by the gravitational interaction of Earth and the Moon.

Convection is the transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of the heated parts of a liquid or gas.