A quadrilateral is a shape with four sides. The perimeter of a quadrilateral is the sum of the lengths of its four sides.

To multiply binomials, use the FOIL method. FOIL stands for First, Outside, Inside, Last and refers to the position of each term in the parentheses:

(y + 2)(y + 4)
(y x y) + (y x 4) + (2 x y) + (2 x 4)
y² + 4y + 2y + 8
y² + 6y + 8

A line on the coordinate grid can be defined by a slope-intercept equation: y = mx + b. For a given value of x, the value of y can be determined given the slope (m) and y-intercept (b) of the line. The slope of a line is change in y over change in x, \({\Delta y \over \Delta x}\), and the y-intercept is the y-coordinate where the line crosses the vertical y-axis.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two sets of parallel sides. Opposite sides (a = c, b = d) and angles (red = red, blue = blue) are equal. The area of a parallelogram is base x height and the perimeter is the sum of the lengths of all sides (a + b + c + d).

The volume of a cylinder is πr²h:

v = πr²h
v = π(4² x 8)
v = 128π