Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.  In general, larger objects have larger mass than smaller objects but mass ultimately depends on how compact (dense) a substance is.

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of equal volumes of a substance and water and is measured by a hyrdometer.

The Joule (J) is the standard unit of energy and has the unit \({kg \times m^2} \over s^2\).

The mechanical advantage of a gear train is its gear ratio. The gear ratio (V_r) is the product of the gear ratios between the pairs of meshed gears. Let N represent the number of teeth for each gear:

V_r = \( \frac{N_1}{N_2} \) \( \frac{N_2}{N_3} \) \( \frac{N_3}{N_4} \) ... \( \frac{N_n}{N_{n+1}} \)

In this problem, we have three gears so the equation becomes:

V_r = \( \frac{N_1}{N_2} \) \( \frac{N_2}{N_3} \) = \( \frac{22}{16} \) \( \frac{16}{2} \) = \( \frac{22}{2} \) = 11

The mechanical advantage (MA) of a block and tackle pulley is equal to the number of times the effort force changes direction. An easy way to count how many times the effort force changes direction is to count the number of ropes that support the resistance which, in this problem, is 8. With a MA of 8, a 165 lbs. effort force could lift 165 lbs. x 8 = 1320 lbs. resistance.