The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is the input radius divided by the output radius:

MA = \( \frac{r_i}{r_o} \)

In this case, the input radius (where the effort force is being applied) is 3 and the output radius (where the resistance is being applied) is 6 for a mechanical advantage of \( \frac{3}{6} \) = 0.5

Coefficient of friction (μ) represents how much two materials resist sliding across each other.  Smooth surfaces like ice have low coefficients of friction while rough surfaces like concrete have high μ.

Mechanical advantage is resistance force divided by effort force:

MA = \( \frac{F_r}{F_e} \) = \( \frac{60 lbs.}{30 lbs.} \) = 2

The Joule (J) is the standard unit of energy and has the unit \({kg \times m^2} \over s^2\).

For any given surface, the coefficient of static friction is higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction. More force is required to initally get an object moving than is required to keep it moving. Additionally, static friction only arises in response to an attempt to move an object (overcome the normal force between it and the surface).